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1️⃣ According to Anatomical Site –

  • Pit & fissure caries
  • Smooth Surface Caries
  • Cervical
  • Root caries

2️⃣ According to rate of caries progression –

  • Acute dental caries
  • Chronic dental caries

3️⃣ According to nature of attack-

4️⃣ Based on chronology –

  • Infancy caries
  • Adolescent caries

A. Pit & Fissure Caries:

https://dentowesome.in/2020/05/11/pit-fissure-caries/

B. Smooth surface caries:

  • On proximal surface of teeth or gingival 3rd of buccal & lingual preceded by formation of plaque.
  • Early while chalky spot – decalcification of enamel.

C. Linear Enamel Caries:

  • Atypical form
  • Found in primary dentition
  • Gross destruction of labial surface of incisor teeth

https://dentowesome.in/2020/05/07/dental-caries/

D. Root caries:

  • Soft progressive lesion that is found everywhere on root surface that has least connective tissue attachment & is exposed to oral enviornment.
  • Older age group & gingival recession

E. Acute Dentinal Caries:

  • Rapid clinical course
  • Early pulp involvement
  • Initial lesion is small, while rapid spread of process at DEJ & diffuse involvement of dentin produce large internal excavation.

F. Rampant Caries:

Sudden, rapid & almost uncontrolled destruction of teeth affecting surface that are relatively caries free.

G. Nursing bottle caries (Baby bottle syndrome)

Affect deciduous teeth due to prolonged use of nursing bottle containing milk, sugar or honey.

💬 What is 👶 bottle decay? What causes it and how to prevent it? 👇🏻

H. Chronic dental caries: (Slower progress)

I. Recurrent caries: (Presence of leaky margins)

J. Arrested caries:

  • No tendency of future progression, caries become static.
  • Brown pigmentation in the hard tissue.

Dentowesome|@drmehnaz🖊

Image Source: Google.com

img_1615-2628463 THE MALLAMPATI SCORE – DR NATASHA UNANI

Nancy 13th edition

Amidst the pandemic state with the high transmissibility of the disease through air & droplets and considering that routine dental procedures usually generate aerosols; alterations to dental treatment is of prime concern to maintain a healthy environment for patient & dental team.Here is where the approach of performing minimally invasive dental treatment becomes crucial.

20200706_211539-9309535 Risks of infection – Human-to-human transmission

What is minimal intervention dentistry?

Minimal intervention dentistry( MID) is a conservative philosophy of professional care concerned with first occurrence,early detection & earliest possible cure of caries at a micro level ; followed by minimally invasive and patient friendly treatment to repair irreversible damage caused by dental caries.

Goals & Principles:

20200706_214928-4453684

.Early diagnosis of dental caries

.Assessment of individual caries risk

.Disease control by remineralisation of incipient carious lesions.

.Repair rather than replacement of defective restorations

.Minimal invasive treatment

.Periodic follow up.

Caries diagnosis:

Includes early diagnosis & caries risk assessment

img1594055995224-5739903 Early diagnostic aids 20200706_223457-7371370 Factors relevant in caries risk assessment

Procedures:

20200706_223902-6702419

Non invasive procedures: Biological approach

wp-1594057250453-6923529 wp-1594057133885-6709691 Remineralising agents

Minimal invasive treatments:

1)Air abrasion

Indications-

.for abrading the surface of old composites prior to new restoration ; minimal class I & class II preparations for composites ; for abrading ceramic or cast restorations for bonding ; for widening pits & fissures for sealants.

img1594058665062-6497667 20200706_232443-9320472

2) Sono Abrasion

Indications-

.opening pits & fissures for sealant restorations ; minimal preparation of incipient class II cavities

20200706_234938-5108546

3) Chemicomechanical Caries Removal (CMC)

20200707_000609-4966973

Carisolv – 2 syringe system ,one containing NaOCl & other with 3 amino acids (glutamic acid,leucine ,lysine); carboxymethylcellulose gel;NaCl,NaOH;Erythrosine.The contents are mixed together to form a pink gel which is applied onto carious dentin and left in place for 30 seconds to allow it to soften & degrade the infected dentin.

Advantages – relatively painless, removes only carious dentin, no vibrations,better substrate for adhesive bonding

Disadvantages- expensive, time consuming

4)Enzymes

20200707_000504-8350258

5)Laser

2 commonly developed lasers-

.Er:Cr:YSGG(2780 nm)- Erbium,Chromium,Yttrium,Scandium,Gallium,Garnet laser – works by agonizing water droplets as they travel towards the target tissue.

.Er:YAG(2940nm)-Erbium,Yttrium,Scadium,Aluminum,Garnet laser – uses pulses of light energy to micro vaporize water within the target tissues.

20200707_000917-2497938

6)Ozone

20200707_001039-3987833

Caries treatment with ozone – based on Niche environment theory .Ozone kit consists of portable apparatus & disposable silicon cups. Follow up 3-6 months.

Disadvantages – can cause porosities or abrade tooth surface ,in case of heavy exposure.

Other techniques (in brief):

7)Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART)

20200707_010003-7877128

8)Rotary instruments

20200707_010051-8809674

Cavity designs for minimal tooth preparation:

According to the new classification based on site,size & severity of lesion,following are the designs –

20200707_012011-7321855 Pit & fissure sealants;Preventive Resin Restorations (PRR) 20200707_012236-2003106 20200707_012341-3818256 Tunnel preparations 20200707_012450-4471384 Slot preparations

Restorative materials used in minimal invasive dentistry :

20200706_224138-5641115

Conclusion:

Minimal intervention techniques cause less tooth destruction than conventional techniques,thus increasing the long term survival of teeth ,also cause less discomfort to the patient and ensure healing of the disease not only the symptoms. With a reduction in chair side time and simplified techniques there is lesser chances of exposure of the dentist to aerosol contamination,thus maintaining which is the need of the hour.

img_6109-1-5960089

  • Needle breakage
  • Persistant anesthesia or paresthesia
  • Facial Nerve Paralysis
  • Trismus
  • Soft-tissue injury
  • Hematoma
  • Pain on injection
  • Burning on injection
  • Infection
  • Edema
  • Sloughing of tissues
  • Post-anesthetic intraoral lesions
  • Vasodepressor syncope
  • Over dosage (toxic reaction)
  • Allergy
  • Psychogenic reactions

👉🏻Several preventive measures can be followed:📝

1) Select a local anesthetic with a duration of action that is appropriate for the length of the planned procedure.

2) Advise the patient and accompanying adult about the possibility of injury if the patient bites, sucks or chews on the lips, tongue and cheek. They should delay eating and avoid hot drinks until the effects of the anesthesia are totally dissipated.

3) Reinforce the warning with patient stickers and by placing a cotton roll or rolled up gauze (“Bite on the ghost”) in the mucobuccal fold if anesthesia symptoms persist.

4) The management of soft tissue trauma involves reassuring the patient and parent (it’s okay if the tissue turns white), allowing up to a week for the injury to heal, and lubricating the area with petroleum jelly or antibiotic ointment to prevent drying, cracking and pain.

References: Internet; Handbook of LA, 6e by Stanley F Malamed

Dr. Mehnaz Memon🖊

Dentowesome 2020
@dr.mehnaz🖊

References: Shafer’sTextbook Of Oral Pathology

img_5883-1000944

Dr. Mehnaz Memon🖊

References: Shafer’sTextbook Of Oral Pathology

🔹Most common primary neoplasm of skeletal system.

  • A disease of bone marrow
  • A malignancy of plasma cells
  • Monoclonal malignancies

🔹Clinical Features:

  1. Age: 60 – 65 years
  2. Sex: M>F
  3. Site: Vertebra, Ribs, Skull, Pelvis, Femur bone.
  4. Symptom: Bone pain (due to compression fractures)
  5. Signs:
  • Lytic bone lesions
  • Anemia
  • Azotemia
  • Hypercalcaemia
  • Recurrent infection

🔹Oral Manifestations:

  1. Jaw: Mandible>Maxilla
  2. Site: Ramus & Angle of mandible at Molar area
  3. Signs:
  • Intraosseous –
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Numbness
  • Mobility of teeth
  • Extraosseous one’s resemble epulis/gingival enlargement.

🔹Radiographic features: Punched out areas

🔹 Lab. findings:

  1. Hyperglobulinemia
  2. Bence Jones protein in urine – Also seen in leukemia, polycythemia
  3. ⬆️ ESR
  4. ⬆️ Alkaline phosphatase
  5. Hyperuricemia

🔹Histological Features:

1. Cells are closely packed in large sheets..👇🏻

  • Round/Ovoid
  • Nuclei – eccentric placed
  • Chromatin clumping in a cart wheel/checkerboard pattern
  • Perinuclear halo (Golgi complexes)

2. Russell bodies: Russell bodies are multiple round cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions that are frequently seen in bone marrow aspirates in myeloma. They are composed of immunoglobulin molecules within vesicular structures derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum. Plasma cells containing them are sometimes referred to as Mott cells.

🔹Treatment:

  1. Bisphosphonate therapy
  2. Chemotherapy

References: Shafer’sTextbook Of Oral Pathology

Dr. Mehnaz Memon🖊

img_5624-4416265 img_5625-9212468

1) Pulp Hyperemia (Focal Reversible Pulpitis)

img_5626-8429263 img_5630-4506531

References: Shafer’sTextbook Of Oral Pathology

  • Nutritional effects – systemically
  • Dietary effects – Locally

➡️ Vit. D along with Parathyroid hormones & calcitonin play primary roles in regulating the concentration of Calcium & inorganic phosphate in plasma & ECF and in controlling mineralization of bones & teeth.

➡️ Quantitive defect in enamel tissue from metabolic injury to Ameloblasts – ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA

img_4659-7427368 Source: Google

  • Clinical Significance: Roughened surface with discrete pitting / circumferential band like irregularities which post eruptively acquire a yellow brown stain.

Carbohydrate intolerance & Dental Caries:

➡️ Intolerance occurs because of deficiency of a specific enzyme involved in metabolism of sugar.

Hereditary fructose intolerance: (Froesch,1959)

  • Inborn error of fructose metabolism transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene.
  • Episodes of pallor, nausea, vomitting, coma & convulsions following ingestion of fruit containing fructose/cane sugar.
  • ⬇️ Dental caries.

Diet Modification:

➡️ Dietary sucrose has 2 effects on plaque:

  1. Frequent ingestion – S. Mutans colonization ⬆️
  2. Mature plaque exposed to sucrose metabolizes to organic acids – ⬇️ pH

Dietary Measures:

Source: mfine

  1. No. of meals + snacks as low as possible.
  2. Sugars – eliminated; Active chewing foods ➡️ desirable
  3. Fermentable Carbs.
  4. Flouride, Calcium, Phosphate, fats & proteins – in diet.
  5. Sugar substitutes – ⬇️ acid formation.

Adequacy of Diet:

90d09eb3-354f-45af-a3c0-55827663db9d-2283-0000031505842791_file-6611858 Source: mfine

  1. Fats, oils, sweets – use sparingly.
  2. Milk, yogurt, cheese group: 2-3 servings
  3. Vegetable group: 3-5 servings
  4. Fruit group: 2-4 servings
  5. Meat, fish, eggs, nuts: 2-3 servings
  6. Bread, Rice, Pasta, Cereal: 6-11 servings.

Anti-cariogenic foods:

Source: Foodsmix

  1. Milk – least cariogenic
  2. Cheese – casein phosphatase
  3. Fibrous foods
  4. Tea
  5. Chewing gum – Salivary stimulant
  6. Xylitol👇🏻
  • Bacteriostatic
  • ⬆️ salivary flow
  • ⬆️ concentration of Amino acids & NH3 – Neutralize plaque acids.
  • Prevents S. Mutans binding to sucrose.

➡️ Dietary and nutrition education appropriate for dental settings are an essential component of guidelines or standards of practice that determine successful management of dental caries and the patient’s quality of life accross time.

Nutrition, Diet & Dental Caries:
Dr. Mehnaz Memon

References: Practical manual guide by CM Marya, Internet