Sources : Sembulingam (Textbook of physiology)
Clotting – It is defined as the process in which blood looses it’s fluidity and becomes a jelly like substance few minutes after it is shed out.
Sequence of clotting mechanism – Enzyme cascade theory:
Cascade is a process that occurs through a series of steps , each step initiating the next until the final step is reached.
Stages of blood clotting :
- Formation of prothrombin activator
- Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
- Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
Sources – Sembulingam (Textbook of physiology)
Image source – Google images
Clotting – It is defined as the process in which blood looses it’s fluidity and becomes a jelly like mass few minutes after it is shed out.
Source – Slideshare.com
Philadelphia chromosome
Blast crisis
Peripheral blood smear showing increased number of blast cells and granulocyte precursors
Sources – Anil Ghoms textbook of oral medicine , osmosis.org , Slideshare.com
Image source – Google images
Sickle shaped RBC 
Sources – Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology , SN Chugh Textbook of clinical medicine for dental students , osmosis.org
Image source – Google images.
Rh hump – ring like defect
Radiologic appearance of hydrops fetalis.
Hydrops fetalis
Sources – Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology , Essentials of oral pathology by Purkait.
Image source : Google images , Slideshare.com , pinterest.com
Sources – Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology , Slideshare.com
By Dr Musaddika Shaikh Dentowesome @drmusaddikashaikh
Blood :- It is body fluid in body that delivers necessary substance like oxygen,nutrients to cell and transports metabolic waste away from cell.
- Total blood volume :- 5-6litres 80ml/kg body weight
- Viscosity :- 4-5 litres
- Ph :- 7.4
- Specific gravity :- 1.040-1.060
Composition :-
Anti coagulated sample of blood allow to stand in a tube,it settles cells and plasma.
A) Cells :- Cellular element is 45% of total blood volume called packed cell volume. 1. RBC/Erythrocytes :- Normal count 5million cu.mm. 2. WBC/Leucocytes :- Normal count 4000-11000 cu.mm. 3. Platelets/Thrombosis :- Normal count 1.4-4 lakh cu.mm
B) Plasma :- It is clear,straw colored with 55% of total volume. It contains 91% water+9% organic+1%inorganic substances. a) Inorganic substance:- 1. Na+,Ca+,HCO3(extracellular) 2. k+,Mg,Po4 (intracellular). 3. Ferrous and ferric oxide. b) Organic substance :- 1. Plasma protein. 2. Sugar. 3. Fat 4. Hormone
Non protein nitrogenous substance :- 1. Urea :- 20-40% mg% 2. Uric acid :- 2-4% mg% 3. Creatine :- 1-2% mg% Other substance are fat, phospholipids, glucose.
Functions :-
- Respiratory :- blood transprt oxygen from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to lungs.
- Nutritive :- absorb food material,glucose,amino-acid,fatty acid and vitamins.
- Excreatory :- blood transport metabolic waste.
- Heamostatic function :- to regulate normal cell function by heamostasis
- Regulate body temperature :- regulate body temperature by buffer system.
- Chemical :- regulate negative feedback machanism and defence system for inflammation.
Reference :- Books Human physiology for bds A.K Jain. Google website texasheart.org , britannica.com , vectorstock.com
By Dr Musaddika Shaikh Dentowesome @drmusaddikashaikh
Haemoglobin :- It is protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen in blood and gives blood red colour
Structure :-
- Heame is porphin called iron protoporphyrine 9th
- Iron is ferrous form which combine with oxygen
- Globin :- It is protein 4 polypeptide chain of alpha and beta which contains Mb amino acid each polypeptide attach are heam group
- Hemoglobin react with oxygen in 0.01 sec
- Molecular weight of hemoglobin 64,458 g/mol
- Oxyheamoglobin :- hemoglobin affinity for oxygen by Ph, temperature, concentration
- Carbaamino-heamoglobin :- carbon dioxide react with heamoglobin to form carbaamino-heamoglobin
- De-oxegenated heamoglobin :- oxygen removed from heamoglobin
- Carboxy-heamoglobin :- carba+monooxide reacts with heamoglobin
- Metheamoglobin :- reduced or oxygenated heamoglobin exposed to drugs is oxidised ferrous to ferric acid metheamoglobin
Normal values of heamoglobin :-
Types :-
Synthesis :-
- Role of protein :- Low protein reduces heamoglobin
- Role of minerals :- It helps in formation of heame
- Role of Cu :- It promotes absorption, mobilization and utilisation of iron
- Role of cobalt :- It enhances absorption in GI tract
- Role of vitamin :- Vit C,Vit B12,folic acid helps in synthesis of nucleic acid
Functions :-
- Transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues
- Transport of carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
- Act as acid balance buffer
- It gives red colour to blood
- Genetic resistance to malaria etc
- Source of physiological active catabolites
Reference :- Book Human physiology for bds A.K Jain Google website study.com,learnpick.in, redcrossblood.org